Electric Circuits
Ideal voltage and current sources, dependent sources, R, L, C elements, Node and Mesh analysis Network Theorems: Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorem, Transient response of DC and AC networks, steady-state analysis of AC circuits, resonance.
Analog and Digital Electronics
Characteristics of Diodes, BJT, FET, Amplifiers – Biasing, Equivalent Circuit, Oscillators and Feedback Amplifiers, Operational Amplifiers – Characteristics and Applications, Combinational and Sequential Logic Circuits, Multiplexer, A/D and D/A Converters.
Electrical Machines
DC machines – types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors, Single phase transformer – equivalent circuit, tests, regulation and efficiency, Three-phase transformers – connections, parallel operation, auto-transformer, single-phase induction motors, synchronous machines – Three-phase induction motors – principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control.
Power Systems
Basic power generation concepts, transmission line models and performance, cable performance, insulation, distribution systems, bus impedance and admittance matrices, load flow, voltage control, power factor correction, fault analysis, principles of over-current, differential and distance protection, solid-state relays and digital protection, circuit breakers,system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion.
Control Systems
Mathematical modeling and representation of systems, transfer function, Block diagrams and Signal flow graphs, Transient and Steady‐state analysis of linear time invariant systems, Stability analysis of Routh-Hurwitz and Root locus, Bode plots, Nyquist criteria, State space model, Controllability and Observability.
Measurements and Instrumentation
Bridges and potentiometers, PMMC, moving iron, dynamometer and induction type instruments, measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor, phase, time and frequency measurement , oscilloscopes, error analysis.
Signals and Systems
Representation of continuous and discrete time signals, shifting and scaling properties, linear time invariant and causal systems, Fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals, sampling theorem, Fourier Transform for continuous time signals, Laplace Transform and Z transform
. Power Electronics and Drives
Semiconductor Power Diodes, Thyristors, Triacs, GTOS, MOSFETS and IGBTs – Static Characteristics and Principles of Operation; Triggering Circuits; Phase Control Rectifiers, Bridge Converters – Fully Controlled and Half Controlled, Principles of Choppers and Inverters.
Engineering Mathematics Linear Algebra: Vector space, basis, linear dependence and independence, matrix algebra, eigen values and eigen vectors, rank, solution of linear equations – existence and uniqueness.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and improper integrals, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, line, surface and volume integrals, Taylor series.
Differential Equations: First order equations (Linear and Nonlinear), higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, initial and boundary value problems, partial differential equations and variable separable method.
Complex Variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral formula: Cauchy’s integral theorem, Taylor’s and Laurent’ Series, residue theorem.
Probability and Statistics: Probability, Joint and conditional probability, discrete and continuous random variables, probability distribution and density functions. Exponential, Poisson, normal and Binomial Distributions Functions. mean, mean square and standard deviation.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-Linear equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
Network Analysis: Superposition, Thevenin and Norton’s Maximum Power Transfer; Wye-Delta Transformation; Steady State Sinusoidal Analysis Using Phasors; Time domain analysis of simple linear circuits, Solution of Network Equations Using Laplace Transform; Frequency Domain analysis of RLC circuits; 2-Port Network Parameters: Driving point and transfer functions. State Equations for Networks. Network Solution Methods: nodal and mesh analysis.
Signals and Systems: Continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, Continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier transform, DFT, FFT, Z-Transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: Definitions and properties; Causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay.
Electronic Devices: Energy bands in intrinsic and extrinsic semi-conductors. Carrier transport in semi-conductors: Diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. P-N Junction diode, Zener diode, Tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOSFET, LED, PIN and Avalanche Photo Diode. Device Technology: Integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography and twin-tub CMOS Process.
Analog Circuits: Small signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOFETs. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of BJT and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback, and power amplifiers. Frequency response of an amplifiers. Operations & Applications of Operational Amplifiers, Oscillators, Timers, PLL. Power supplies, regulators.
Digital Circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean Functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS, Number systems.). Combinatorial circuits: Arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: Latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories: ROM, SRAM and DRAM, Microprocessor (8086): Architecture, addressing modes, programming, memory and I/O Interfacing.
ControlSystems: Basic control system components; Feedback principle; Transfer function; Block diagram representation; Signal flow graph; Transient and steady-state analysis of LTI systems; Frequency response; Routh Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria; Bode and root-locus plots; Lag, lead and lag-lead compensation; State variable model and solution of state equation of LTI systems.
Analog Communications: Deterministic and Random Signals, types of noise, autocorrelation, power spectral density, properties of white noise, filtering of random signals through LTI systems; analog communication systems: amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectra of AM and FM, super-heterodyne receivers, circuits for analog communications; Information theory: entropy, mutual information and channel capacity theorem.
Digital Communications: Sampling Theory Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM); Digital modulation schemes: Amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK, QAM); Matched filter receiver, calculation of bandwidth, SNR and BER for digital modulation schemes; Fundamental of error correction, Hamming codes; Timing and frequency synchronization, inter-symbol interference and its mitigation; Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA.
Electromagnetics: Maxwell’s Equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation, boundary conditions, wave equation, poynting vector; plane waves and properties: reflection and refraction, polarization, phase and group velocity, propagation through various media, skin depth; Transmission Lines: equations, characteristic impedance, impedance matching, impedance transformation, S-parameters, Smith chart: Waveguides: modes, boundary conditions, cut-off frequencies, dispersion relations. Antennas: antenna types, radiation pattern, gain and directivity, return loss, Basics of radar.
Discrette Mathematics: Propositional and first-order logic. Sets, relations, functions, partial orders, and lattices. Groups. Graphs: connectivity, matching, coloring. Combinatorics: counting, recurrence relations, generating functions.
Probability: Random Variables: Uniform, Normal, Exponential, Poisson and Binomial Distributions. Mean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation. Conditional Probability and Bayes Theorem.
Programming & Data Structures:Programming in C. Recursion. Arrays,stack, queue, list, set, string, tree, binary search tree, heap, graph, tree and graph traversals, connected components, spanning trees, shortest paths, hashing, sorting, searching,
Digital Logics:Number Representations and Computer Arithmetic,Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates,Synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits.
Computer Organization:Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and control, memory interface, I/O interface (cache, main and secondary storage. data path and hardwired), serial communication interface, cache, main and secondary storage.
Operating Systems: Classical concepts (concurrency, synchronization, deadlock), processes, threads and inter-process communication, CPU scheduling, memory management, file systems.
Software Engineering: Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle.
Database Management Systems: Definition, relational model, database design, E-R diagrams, integrity constraints, normal forms, Relational Algebra, query languages (SQL).
Data communication and Networks: ISO/OSI stack, transmission media, data encoding, multiplexing, flow and error control, LAN technologies, network devices – switches, gateways, routers, ICMP, application layer protocols – SMTP, POP3, HTTP, DNS, FTP, Telnet.
Theory of Computation: Finite automata, Regular expressions, Context-free grammars and push-down automata. Regular and context-free languages, pumping lemma. Turing machines and undecidability.
Web Technologies: XML-Documents and Vocabularies-Versions and Declaration -Namespaces JavaScript and XML: Ajax-DOM based XML processing,
Separating Programming and Presentation: JSP Technology Introduction-JSP and Servlets-Running JSP Applications.
Coordination Compounds, Applications of Coordination Compounds, Organometallic Chemistry, Metal Carbonyls and Related Compounds, Boranes and Carboranes, Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB). Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives, synthesis Based on Carbanions, Nitro Hydrocarbons, Amines, Cyanides and Isocyanides, Heterocyclic Compounds, Carbohydrates, Amino Acids and Proteins, Pericyclic Reactions, Synthetic Strategies, Asymmetric Synthesis. Electrochemistry and Emf, Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics. Photochemistry, Molecular Spectroscopy, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectroscopy.
S-Block Elements, P-Block Elements, Chemistry of Zero Group Elements, Chemistry of d- Block Elements, Chemistry of f-Block Elements, General Principles of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Symmetry of molecules, Non-Aqueous Solvents, Chemical Bonding, Molecular Orbital Theory, Theory of Quantitative Analysis, Theories of Bonding in Metals. Structural Theory in Organic Chemistry, Acyclic Hydrocarbons, alicyclic Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, Arenes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Halogen Compounds, Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Epoxides, Carbonyl Compounds, Conformational Analysis, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds. Atomic Structure and Elementary Quantum Mechanics, Gaseous State, Liquid State, Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties, Solid State Chemistry, Phase Rule, Colloids and Surface Chemistry, adsorption, Material Science, Nano materials, Evaluation of Analytical Data.
Coordination Compounds, Applications of Coordination Compounds, Organ metallic Chemistry, Metal Carbonyls and Related Compounds, Boranes and Carboranes, Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB). Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives, synthesis Based on Carbanions, Nitro Hydrocarbons, Amines, Cyanides and Isocyanides, Heterocyclic Compounds, Carbohydrates, Amino Acids and Proteins, Pericyclic Reactions, Synthetic Strategies, Asymmetric Synthesis. Electrochemistry and Emf, Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics. Photochemistry, Molecular Spectroscopy, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mass Spectroscopy.
S-Block Elements, P-Block Elements, Chemistry of Zero Group Elements, Chemistry of d- Block Elements, Chemistry of f-Block Elements, General Principles of Inorganic Qualitative Analysis, Symmetry of molecules, Non-Aqueous Solvents, Chemical Bonding, Molecular Orbital Theory, Theory of Quantitative Analysis, Theories of Bonding in Metals. Structural Theory in Organic Chemistry, Acyclic Hydrocarbons, alicyclic Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrocarbons, Arenes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Halogen Compounds, Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers and Epoxides, Carbonyl Compounds, Conformational Analysis, Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds. Atomic Structure and Elementary Quantum Mechanics, Gaseous State, Liquid State, Solutions, Dilute Solutions and Colligative Properties, Solid State Chemistry, Phase Rule, Colloids and Surface Chemistry, adsorption, Material Science, Nano materials, Evaluation of Analytical Data.
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS Cell as basic unit of living organisms-bacterial, fungal, plant and animal cells,Structure of chromosome- morphology, components of chromosomes (histones and nonhistones),specialized chromosomes (Polytene, Lampbrush),Chromosomal aberrations – structural and numerical, Eukaryotic cell cycle – phases, Mitosis – Stages (spindle assembly)-significance, Meiosis- Stages (synaptonemal complex) – significance, Apoptosis. Mendel’s experiments- factors contributing to success of Mendel’s experiments, Law of segregation- Monohybrid Ratio; Law of independent assortment- Dihybrid Ratio, Trihybrid Ratio, X-Y chromosomes – Sex determination in Drosophila, Birds, Man, Bonellia; X-linked inheritance– Hemophilia and Color blindness; X- inactivation; Ylinked inheritance – Holandric genes, Linkage and recombination- Cytological proof of crossing over, phases of linkage, recombination frequency, gene mapping and map distance
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND BIOINFORMATICS DNA as the genetic material- Griffith’s experiments on transformation in Streptococcus pneumonia, Hershey-Chase experiments, Avery, MacLeod and McCarty’s experiments, RNA as genetic materialTobacco Mosaic Virus, Structure and forms of DNA (A, B and Z), Genome organization in prokaryotes, Genome organization in eukaryotes, C-value and C-value paradox, Reassociation kinetics-cot curve, Denaturation, Renaturation, Tm curve, Kinetic classes of DNA- unique sequences, moderately repeated and highly repeated sequences; tandem repeats (satellite, minisatellite and micro satellites), interspersed repeats (SINES-eg: Alu repeats, LINES); palindromic sequences and transposable genetic elements. DNA replication- enzymes; semi conservative DNA replication-Messelson and Stahl experiment; Linear, Circular, Rolling circle, Theta, D loop models, Mutation- spontaneous, induced (frame shift, transition, transversion), Physical and chemical mutagens, DNA damage- intrinsic and extrinsic factors, DNA repair- Direct, Excision and methyl mediated mismatch, recombinational and SOS repair, DNA recombination- homologous, site specific recombination and NHEJ (Non-Homologous End Joining).Bioinformatics-Storage of databases in DNA (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ),Protein data banks (PDB, SWISS-PROT, UNIPROT, PIR) and their utilization, Data retrieval tools- BLAST, ENTREZ
BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOSTATISTICS Biomolecules -Carbohydrates- importance, classification; structure and functions of monosaccharides (glucose & fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose & maltose) and polysachharides (starch, glycogen & insulin), Amino acids- importance, classification, structure, physical and chemical properties of amino acids; peptide bond formation, Proteins- importance, structure of proteinsprimary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, Lipids- importance, classification- simple lipids (triacylglycerides & waxes), complex lipids (phospholipids & glycolipids), derived lipids (steroids, terpenes & carotenoids) ,Fatty acids- importance, classification- saturated (palmitic acid, arachidic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid & linoleic acid), Enzymes- importance, classification and nomenclature; Michaelis-Menton Equation, factors influencing the enzyme reactions; enzyme inhibition (competitive, uncompetitive & mixed), Co-enzymes. Probability, probability distributionBinomial, Poisson and Normal distributions, Test of significance- Null hypothesis and Alternate hypothesis, Chi-square test- degrees of freedom and their applications to biology (goodness of fit), Analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) and their applications to biology.
BIOENERGETICS AND BIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES Glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, Gluconeogenesis and its significance ,Transamination and oxidative deamination reactions of amino acids and β- oxidation of fatty acids Colorimetry: Beer and Lambert’s laws and UV- vis spectrophotometry ,Principle and applications of chromatography (paper, thin layer & HPLC), Electrophoresis (Agarose & SDS-PAGE), Principle and applications of centrifugation (preparative & analytical)
MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY Historical development of microbiology and contributors of microbiology, Outlines of classification of microorganisms ,Structure and general characteristics of bacteria and virus ,Disease causing pathogens and symptoms (Eg: Mycobacterium, Hepatitis). Methods of sterilization- physical and chemical methods, Bacteriological media: LB media, EMB agar; Identification of bacteria by staining methods , Bacterial growth curve and factors affecting bacterial growth, Fungal media- PDA, Sabourauds agar. Types of immunity- innate and adaptive immunity, Cells of the immune system: T-cells (helper and cytotoxic cells), B-cells, Natural killer cells, Macrophages, Basophils and Dendritic cells, Primary organs of immune system- Thymus and Bone marrow, Secondary organs of immune system- Spleen and Lymph nodes Antigens-immunogenicity vs antigenecity, factors affecting antigenecity, epitopes, Haptens & types of adjuvants , Humoral and Cell mediated immunity, Structure of immunoglobulin; types and functions of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE & IgD)
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Structure of prokaryotic gene (promoter, initiator & terminator regions),Structure and functions of RNA polymerase Transcription mechanism- initiation, elongation & proof reading, termination
,Genetic code- properties, deciphering of genetic code, wobble hypothesis, aminoacylation, Translation mechanism- initiation, elongation and termination, Operon concept, Lac operon. Gene expression and regulation in eukaryotes-Structure of eukaryotic gene (promoter, exons, introns, terminator, enhancer & silencer), Transcriptional machinery in eukaryotes (RNA polymerases), structures and transcriptional factors ( basic, upstream ®ulatory), Transcription- initiation (formation of transcriptome), elongation and termination, Post- transcriptional modifications- capping, polyadenylation, Splicing (self & protein mediated) and alternative splicing, Translation- initiation, elongation and termination. Enzymes useful in molecular cloning: Restriction endonuclease, DNA ligases, polynucleotide kinase, klenow
enzyme, DNA Polymerase- I, reverse transcriptase, alkaline phosphatase, terminal nucleotidyl transferase, Cloning Vectors: PBR 322, Bacteriophage, Cosmid, Phagemid, Shuttle vectors, Gene transfer techniques: Physical, Chemical and Biological methods, Polymerase Chain Reaction and its applications
MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY Industrial biotechnology- scope and applications, Exploitation of microorganisms and their products, Principles of Fermentation technology, Types of fermentation, Microbial production of Organic acids (Lactic acid, citric acid), Amino acids (Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Lysine), Fermentation by microbes for food additives: dairy products (Cheese, Yogurt), beverages (Beer, Wine) and antibiotics (Streptomycin, Erythromycin), Therapeutic drugs: Recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, insulin, vitamins, Biofuel: Hydrogen, Alcohol, Methane.
Scope and importance of Microbiology. Spontaneous generation-biogenesis theory; Germ theory of diseases; Recent developments of Microbiology. Principles of microscopy. Principles of staining. Culture media. Sterilization methods. Isolation of pure cultures, maintenance and preservation of microbial cultures. Morphology and ultra structure of typical eubacterial cell. Bacterial classification. Discovery and nature of viruses. TMV, HIV, T4 and lambda phages. Cultivation and assay of phages, plant and animal viruses. Nutritional types of bacteria. Bacterial growth. Respiration. Fermentation. Antibiotics. DNA and RNA structures and their role as genetic materials. Transcription and translation. Lac operon. Bacterial plasmids and transposons. DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Mutations. Gene transfer mechanisms in bacteria. Recombinant DNA technology. Types of immunity. Organs of immune system. Cells of immune system. Antigens. Antibodies. Antigenantibody reactions. Normal flora of human body. Infection, Disease, Defense mechanisms. Bacterial toxins, virulence and attenuation. Airborne diseases, Food water borne diseases and Blood borne diseases. General principles of diagnostic microbiology. Elements of chemotherapy- therapeutic drugs. Drug resistance. Microorganisms in relation to plant growth. Biological nitrogen fixation, Biofertilizers. Microorganisms of the environment (soil, water and air). Microbial interactions. Microbiology of potable and polluted waters. Microorganisms of food spoilage and their sources. General account of food .preservation. Microorganisms as food – SCP, edible mushrooms. Screening and isolation of industrially useful microbes, strain improvement and fermentation. Fermentor. Immobiolization Industrial production of Alcohols, Glutamic acid, Citric acid, vitamin B12, Enzymes, and Antibiotics. Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, aminoacids, proteins, Biochemical techniques.
Introduction of Computers, Classification of Computers, Anatomy of a Computer, Memory Hierarchy, Introduction to OS, Operational Overview of a CPU. Program Fundamentals: Generation and Classification of Programming Languages, Compiling, Interpreting, Loading, Linking of a Program, Developing Program, Software Development. Algorithms: Definitions, Different Ways of Stating Algorithms (Step-form, Pseudo-code, Flowchart), Strategy for Designing Algorithms, Structured Programming Concept. Basics of C: Overview of C, Developing Programs in C, Parts of Simple C Program, Structure of a C Program, Comments, Program Statements, C Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers, Data Types, Variables, Constants, Operators and Expressions, Expression Evaluation–precedence and associatively, Type Conversions.
Input-Output: Non-formatted and Formatted Input and Output Functions, Escape Sequences, Control Statements: Selection Statements – if, if-else, nested if, nested if-else, comma operator, conditional operator, switch; Iterative Statements–while, for, do-while; Arrays and Strings: One-dimensional Arrays, Character Arrays, Functions from string.h, Multidimensional Arrays.
Functions: Concept of Function, Using Functions, Call-by-Value Vs Call-by-reference, Passing Arrays to Functions, Scope of Variables, Storage Classes, Inline Functions, and Recursion. Pointers: Introduction, Address of Operator (&), Pointer, Uses of Pointers, Arrays and Pointers, Pointers and Strings, Pointers to Pointers, Array of Pointers, Pointer to Array, Dynamic Memory Allocation.User-defined Data Types: Declaring a Structure (Union) and its members, Initialization Structure (Union), Accessing members of a Structure (Union), Array of Structures (Union), Structures verses Unions, Enumeration Types. File Management Functions.
Introduction to C++: Applications, Example Programs, Tokens, Data Types, Operators, Expressions, Control Structures, Arrays, Strings, Pointers, Searching and Sorting Arrays. Functions: Introduction, Prototype, Passing Data by Value, Reference Variables, Using Reference Variables as Parameters, Inline Functions, Default Arguments, Overloading Functions, Passing Arrays to Functions. Object Oriented Programming: Procedural and Object- Oriented Programming, Terminology, Benefits, OOP Languages. Classes: Introduction, Defining an Instance of a Class, Why Have Private Members? Separating Class Specification from Implementation, Inline Member Functions, Constructors, Passing Arguments to Constructors, Destructors, Overloading Constructors, Private Member Functions, Friends of Classes, Copy Constructors, Operator Overloading. Inheritance: Introduction, Protected Members and Class Access, Base Class Access Specification, Constructors and Destructors in Base and Derived Classes, Polymorphism and Virtual Member Functions, Abstract Base Classes, Single Inheritance, Multiple Inheritance, Multi level, Multipath, Hybrid and Hierarchical Inheritance.
C++ Streams: Stream Classes, Unformatted I/O Operations, Formatted I/O Operations. Templates: Function Templates–Introduction, Overloading with Function Templates.
Fundamental Concepts: Introduction to Data Structures, Types of Data Structures, Introduction to Algorithm, Linear Data Structure Using Arrays: 1-D Arrays, 2-D Arrays, Pointer Arrays, Concept of Ordered List, Limitations of Arrays. Stacks: Concept, Primitive Operations, Abstract Data Type, Representation Stacks Using Arrays, Prefix, Infix, Postfix Notations for Arithmetic Expression, Applications of Stacks– Converting Infix Expression to Postfix Expression, Evaluating the Postfix Expression, Queues: Concept, Primitive Operations, Abstract Data Type, Representation Queues Using Arrays, Types of Queues- Circular Queue, Priority Queue, Sparse Matrix, Applications of Queues. Linked Lists: Introduction, Concept, Terminology, Primitive Operations-creating, inserting, deleting, traversing, Representation of Linked Lists, Linked List Abstract Data Type, Linked List Variants – Singly Linked List, Doubly Linked List, Linear and Circular Linked List, Representation Stacks and Queues Using Linked Singly Lists, Application of Linked List. Trees: Introduction, Representation of a General Tree, Binary Tree Introduction, Binary Tree Abstract Data Type, Implementation of Binary Trees, Binary Tree Traversals – Preorder, norder, Postorder Traversals, Applications of Binary Trees Briefly. Graphs: Introduction, Graph Abstract Data Type, Representations of Graphs, Graph Traversal – Depth-First Search, Breadth-First Search. Searching and Sorting: Sequential (Linear) Search, Binary Search, Linear Sort, Bubble Sort, Insertion Sort, Selection Sort.
Introduction to Databases: Introduction, Traditional File-Based Systems, Database Approach, Roles in the Database Environment, Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs, The Three- Level Architecture, Database Languages, Data Models, Functions of a DBMS, Components of a DBMS. Relational Model: Introduction, Terminology, Integrity Constraints, Views.
SQL: Introduction, Data Manipulation–Simple Queries, Sorting Results, Using the SQL Aggregate Functions, Grouping Results, Sub-queries, Multi-table Queries, Combining Result Tables, Database Updates. SQL: The SQL Data Types, Integrity Enhancement Feature– Domain Constraints, Entity Integrity, Referential Integrity, General Constraints, Data Definition–Creating a Database, Creating a Table, Changing a Table Definition, Removing a Table.
Entity–Relationship Modeling: Entity Types, Relationship Types, Attributes, Keys, Strong and Weak Entity Types, Attributes on Relationships, Constraints, Problems with ER Models Enhanced Entity, Degree of Relationships
Logical Database Design and the Relatinal Model :Anomalies , Partial Functional Dependency, Transitive Functional Dependency, Multi Valued Dependency. Normalization: The Purpose of Normalization, How Normalization Database Design, Data Redundancy and Update Anomalies, Functional Dependencies in brief, The Process of Normalization,1NF, 2NF, 3NF, The Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases.
Introduction: Java Essentials, JVM, Java Features, Creation and Execution of Programs, Data Types, Type Conversion, Casting, Conditional Statements, Loops, Branching Mechanism, Classes, Objects, Class Declaration, Creating Objects, Method Declaration and Invocation, Method Overloading, Constructors–Parameterized Constructors, Constructor Overloading, Class Variables & Methods-static Keyword, this Keyword, One-Dimensional Arrays, Two- Dimensional Arrays, Command-Line Arguments, Inheritance: Introduction, Types of Inheritance, extends Keyword, Examples, Method Overriding, super, final Keywords, Abstract classes, Interfaces, Abstract Classes Verses Interfaces. Packages–Creating and Using Packages, Access Protection, Wrapper Classes, String Class, StringBuffer Class. Exception: Introduction, Types, Exception Handling Techniques. Multithreading: Introduction, Main Thread, Creation of New Threads – By Inheriting the Thread Class or Implementing the Runnable Interface, Thread Lifecycle, Thread Priority, Synchronization. Applets: Introduction, Example, Life Cycle, Applet Class, Common Methods Used in Displaying the Output.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS: Successive Differentiation – Expansions of Functions- Mean value theorems. Indeterminate forms – Curvature and Evolutes. Partial differentiation – Homogeneous functions – Total derivative. Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables – Lagrange’s Method of multipliers – Asymptotes – Envelopes.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS: Differential Equations of first order and first degree: Exact differential equations – Integrating Factors – Change in variables – Total Differential Equations – Simultaneous Total Differential equations – Equations of the form dx/P=dy/Q=dz/R
Higher order linear differential equations: Solution of homogeneous linear differential equations with constant coefficients – Solution of non-homogeneous differential equations P(D)y = Q(x) with constant coefficients by means of polynomial operators when Q (x) =be ax
,b Sinax /b Cos ax, bx k ,Ve ax .
Partial Differential equations: Formation and solution- Equations easily integrable – Linear equations of first order – Non linear equations of first order – Charpit’s method – Homogeneous linear partial differential equations with constant coefficient – Non homogeneous linear partial differential equations – Separation of variables.
REAL ANALYSIS: Sequences: Limits of Sequences – Limit Theorems for Sequences – Monotone Sequences and Cauchy Sequences. Subsequences – Lim sup’s and Lim inf’s – Series – Alternating Series and Integral Tests,Power Series,. Integration: The Riemann Integral – Properties of Riemann Integral – Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
ALGEBRA: Groups: Definition and Examples of Groups- Elementary Properties of Groups – Finite Groups; Subgroups -Subgroup Tests – Examples of Subgroups, Cyclic Groups:Properties of Cyclic Groups –
Permutation Groups: Definition and Notation – Properties of Permutations. Cosets and Lagrange’s Theorem Properties of Cosets
Introduction to Rings: Definition – Examples of Rings – Properties of Rings – Subrings, Integral Domains:,fields-examples
LINEAR ALGEBRA: Vector Spaces: Vector Spaces and Subspaces, Linear Transformations,LID,LD sets, Bases.The Dimension of a Vector Space. Rank and Nullty, Eigen values and Eigenvectors – The Characteristic Equation. Inner product spaces- Inner Product, Length, and Orthogonality – Orthogonal Sets,orthonormal set.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS: Trapezoidal rule,Simson’s 1/3rd rule,Simson’s 3/8th rule,relation between operator,Finding Polynimal by using Lagranges interpolation formula and Newton divided difference formula.
Texts:
–zone plate – Comparison of zone plate with convex lens – Phase reversal zone plate
Electric Field:- Concept of electric field lines and electric flux, Gauss‟s law (Integral and differential forms), application to linear, plane and spherical charge distributions. Conservative nature of electric field E, irrotational field. Electric Potential:- Concept of electric potential, relation between electric potential and electric field, potential energy of a system of charges. Energy density in an electric field. Calculation of potential from electric field for a spherical charge distribution.
Concept of magnetic field B and magnetic flux, Biot-Savart‟s law, B due to a straight current carrying conductor. Force on a point charge in a magnetic field. Properties of B, curl and divergence of B, solenoidal field. Integral form of Ampere‟s law, applications of Ampere‟s law: field due to straight, circular and solenoidal currents. Energy stored in magnetic field. Magnetic energy in terms of current and inductance. Magnetic force between two current carrying conductors. Magnetic field intensity. Ballistic Galvanometer:- Torque on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field, working principle of B.G., current and charge sensitivity, electromagnetic damping, critical damping resistance.
Faraday‟s laws of induction (differential and integral form), Lenz‟s law, self and mutual Induction. Continuity equation, modification of Ampere‟s law, displacement current, Maxwellequations
Maxwell‟s equations in vacuum and dielectric medium, boundary conditions, plane wave equation: transverse nature of EM waves, velocity of light in vacuum and in medium, polarization, reflection and transmission. Polarization of EM waves, Brewster‟s angle, description of linear, circular and elliptical polarization.
Atomic Spectra and Models Inadequacy of classical physics: Brief Review of Black body Radiation , Photoelectric effect, Compton effect, dual nature of radiation, wave nature of particles. Atomic spectra, Line spectra of hydrogen atom, Ritz Rydberg combination principle. Alpha Particle Scattering, Rutherford Scattering Formula, Rutherford Model of atom and its limitations, Bohr‟s model of H atom, explanation of atomic spectra, correction for finite mass of the nucleus, Bohr correspondence principle, limitations of Bohr model, discrete energy exchange by atom, Frank Hertz Expt. Sommerfeld’s Modification of Bohr‟s Theory. Wave Particle Duality de Broglie hypothesis, Experimental confirmation of matter wave, Davisson Germer Experiment, velocity of de Broglie wave, wave particle duality, Complementarity. Superposition of two waves, phase velocity and group velocity , wave packets ,Gaussian Wave Packet , spatial distribution of wave packet, Localization of wave packet in time. Time development of a wave Packet; Wave Particle Duality, Complementarity . Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Illustration of the Principle through thought Experiments of Gamma ray microscope and electron diffraction through a slit. Time independent and time dependent Schrodinger wave equation. Estimation of ground state energy of harmonic oscillator and hydrogen atom, non-existence of electron in the nucleus. Uncertainty and Complementarities. Nuclear Physics Size and structure of atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight; Impossibility of an electron being in the nucleus as a consequence of the uncertainty principle. Nature of nuclear force, NZ graph, Liquid Drop model: semi-empirical mass formula and binding energy, Nuclear Shell Model and magic numbers. Radioactivity: stability of the nucleus; Law of radioactive decay; Mean life and half-life; Alpha decay; Beta decay- energy released, spectrum and Pauli’s prediction of neutrino; Gamma ray emission, energy-momentum conservation: electron- positron pair creation by gamma photons in the vicinity of a nucleus. Fission and fusion- mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy; Fission – nature of fragments and emission of neutrons. Nuclear reactor: slow neutrons interacting with Uranium 235; Fusion and thermonuclear reactions driving stellar energy (brief qualitative discussions), Classification of Elementary Particles.
| Section | Subject | Number of Questions |
| Section- A | Analytical Ability | 75 Questions |
| Section-B | Mathematical Ability | 75 Questions |
| Section-C | Communication Ability | 50 Questions |
Spelling & Punctuation
Vocabulary: Antonyms – Synonyms – One word substitutes – Words often confused – Idiomatic expressions
Grammar: Tenses – Propositions – Concord – Auxiliary verbs – Active passive Voice Correction of sentences: Identify the error – Identify the correct sentence
Exercises in Jumbling: Jumbled words to be arranged in the right order to form a sentence – Paragraph sequencing.
History of English Literature Literary Terms
Literary Forms Literary Movements
Books & Authors (canonical texts) Comprehension (Prose) Comprehension (Poetry)
States of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heat and vapor pressure, sublimation-critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, relative humidity, solid crystallineandamorphouspolymorphism.
Particle size and distribution, average particle size number and weight distribution, particlenumber,methodsofdeterminingparticlesizeandvolume,opticalmicroscopy,sieving,sedimentation,derivedpropertiesofpowders.
Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surfaceand interfacial tension, spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid interfaces, surface activeagents,HLBclassification,solubilization,detergency,absorptionatsolidinterfaces,solidgasandsolid-liquidinterfaces,complexfilms,electrical propertiesof interfaces.
Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity, effect of temperature, non- Newtoniansystems, pseudoplastics, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy in formulations, determination of viscosityandthixotropy, applicationoftheologyinpharmacy
Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general. Buffers in pharmaceutical systems,preparationsandstability,bufferedisotonicsolutions.Measurementsoftonicitycalculationsandmethodsofadjusting isotonicity.
The following classes of compounds should be taught in detail with respect to their IUPAC /systematicnomenclature,industrial[whereverapplicable]&laboratorymethodsofpreparations,physicalproperties&chemicalreactionswithemphasisonreactionmechanisms[arrowbased]&stereochemistry[whereverapplicable].
Conceptofaromaticity,Huckel’srule&itsuseindeterminingthearomatic/non-aromatic
characterofacompound.Abriefcoverageofstructureofbenzene.Detailedcoverageofelectrophilic & nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Reactivity & orientation in thesereactions.Reactivity&orientation inmono-&disubstituted benzenes.Benzynemechanism.
Syntheses & reactions with mechanisms of bi & tricyclic fused carbocyclic rings likenaphthalene, anthracene,&phenanthrene.
IUPACNomenclatureofheterocyclicrings[3-10membered]containingO,S,&Natoms.Nomenclature of above rings containing mono-, di-, & multiple [same or different] heteroatomsshould also be covered. Syntheses of five & six-membered rings containing mono- or any di-heteroatoms [O, S, & N]. Syntheses of quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, &benzimidazole, benzotriazole,andbenzothiazole.
Stereochemistry. Chirality & asymmetry Definition &classification [different types of isomerisms]. Enantiomers, diastereomers. Enantiomerism &diastereomerism.
Impurities in pharmaceutical substances, sources, types & effects of impurities. Limit tests forheavymetalslikelead,iron,arsenic,mercury&forchloride&sulphateasperIndianPharmacopoeia[I. P.].
Medicinal Chemistry
Nomenclature [including stereochemicalaspects], biological activity [including side & toxic effects], mode of action, structure-activityrelationship [whereeverapplicable]&synthesesof
A detailed study of the following classes with respect to drug nomenclature, classification,physicochemicalproperties,modeofaction[MOA],structure-activityrelationships[SAR],
a. Sedative-hypnotics
b. Antiepilepticagents
c. Neuroleptics
d. Anti-anxietydrugs
Antibiotics. Penicillins, cephalosporins & other beta-lactam antibiotics like imipenem &aztreonam.Beta-lactamaseinhibitors.Chloramphenicol.Tetracyclines.Aminoglycosideantibiotics.Macrolideantibiotics.Polypeptideantibiotics.Anticancerantibiotics.
Definition of the drug. New drug and dosage form. The desirable properties of a dosage form,the need of dosage form. Ideas about the available type of dosage forms and new drug deliverysystem.
Introduction to Pharmacopoeia with reference to IP, BP, USP and International Pharmacopeia.
Liquid dosage form: monophasic liquid dosage form. Aromatic waters, syrup,elixir, linctus, lotion, liniment, glycerites, solutions, spirits, ENT preparations, mixtures, paints,mouthwash.
Infusion, decoction, maceration, percolation, tincture and extract. Methods of preparations ofdry,softandliquidextract.
Hardgelatincapsules,capsulesizes,storage,filing,Softgelatincapsules,shellformulation, formulation contents, filing, sealing and storage
Types,idealrequirement,classification,granulationmethods,generalformulation,compression machines, evaluation,sugarcoating,filmcoating,problemsintabletcoatings
Definition,typesadvantagesandlimitations,generalformulation,vehicles,productionprocedure, production facilities, controls, tests, Suspensions
Types, emulsifying agents, general formulation, manufacturing procedure, evaluation methods,IPemulsions.
Definitions,bases,generalformulation,manufacturingprocedure,evaluationmethods.
Definition,propellants,generalformulation,manufacturingandpackagingmethods.
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, scope and source of drugs, dosage forms and routesofdrugadministration.Pharmacodynamics-Mechanismofdrugaction,Receptors,classification and drug-receptor interactions, combined effects of drugs, factors modifyingdrugactions.
Pharmacokinetics-Mechanismandprincipleofabsorption,distribution,metabolismandexcretionofdrugs.Principlesofbasicandclinicalpharmacokinetics.Pharmacogenetics.Adversedrugreactions.
Discoveryanddevelopmentofnew drugs-Preclinicalandclinicalstudies.
Detailedpharmacology includingclassification,mechanismofactionandtherapeuticusesof following classes:
Parasympathomimetics,Parasympatholytics,Sympathomimetics,Sympatholytics,
Localanestheticagents.DrugsusedinMyastheniaGravis.
Generalanesthetics.Sedatives,hypnotics, Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antianxietyagents,
Anti-epilepticdrugs.Anti-parkinsonismdrugs.
Anti-hypertensive drugs, Anti-anginal agents, Anti-arrhythmic drugs.Anti-hyperlipidemicdrugs.
Anti-asthmaticdrugs,Mucolyticsandnasaldecongestants,Anti-tussivesandexpectorants.
Generalprinciplesof chemotherapy.
Antibiotics-Penicillins,cephalosporins,chloramphenicol,Macrolides,quinolonesandfluoroquinolons,.Tetracyclines.Aminoglycosides.Chemotherapyoftuberculosis,leprosy,fungaldiseases,viraldiseases,AIDS,protozoaldiseases,worminfections,urinarytractinfectionsandsexuallytransmitteddiseases.Chemotherapyof malignancy.
Historical development,modernconceptandscope ofPharmacognosy.The significanceofPharmacognosyinvarioussystemsofmedicinepracticedinIndiaviz:Ayurveda,Unani,Homeopathic andSiddha.
Based on alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, taxonomical andchemotaxonomicmethods:organizedandunorganizeddrugs:officialandunofficialdrugs.
Plants,animalsandminerals:marineproducts:planttissueculture.
Definition, classification, chemical tests and pharmaceutical importance of: carbohydrates andtheir derivatives, fats and proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins,resins,lipidsandvolatileoils.
Biologicalsources,chemicalconstituents,adulterantsandusesof:Starches,acaciagum,tragacanth, sterculia, guar gum, pectin, arachis oil, castor oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, oliveoil,cotton,silk,wool,regeneratedfibers,asbestos,kaolin,preparedchalk,kieselguhr.
Biologicalsources,chemicalconstituents,adulterantsandusesof:Shellac,cochineal,cantharides,woolfat, lard,beeswax,honey,musk, lanolin, gelatin.
Biological sources, preparation, characters, and uses of: diastase, papain bromelain, ficin, yeast,pancreatin,urokinase,pepsin,trypsin, penicillinase, hyaluronidaseandstreptokinase.
Introductiontoherbicides,fungicides,fumigantsandrodenticidestobacco,pyrethrum,&neem.
Different methods of adulteration: Evaluation of drugs by organoleptic, microscopic, physical,chemicalandbiologicalmethods.Deteriorationofherbaldrugsby insects.
Biological sources, salient morphological features, chemical constituents, and uses of: Plantago,bael, chaulmoograoil, neem oil,sharkliver oil,codliveroil,guggullipids.
Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, chemical test and uses of: Pale catechu,blackcatechu,nutgalls, Terminaliabelerica,Terminalia chebula,Terminaliaarjuna.
Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants and uses of: Black pepper,turpentine,mentha,coriander,cardamom,cinnamon,cassia,lemonpeel,orangepeel,lemongrass, citronella, cumin, caraway, dill, spearmint, clove, anise, star anise, fennel, nutmeg,eucalyptus, chenopodium, ajowan,sandalwood.
Nature and classification. Biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterantsand uses of: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill, thevetia, oleander, cascara, aloe, rhubarb, senna,quassia, dioscorea, quillaia, glycyrrhiza, ginseng, gentian, wild cherry, withania, bitter almond.
Nature, classification, biological sources, morphology, chemical constituents, adulterants andusesof:Arecanut,belladonna,hyoscymous,stramonium,duboisea,coca,coffee,tea,cinchona,opium,ipecac,nuxvomica,ergot,rauwolfia,vinca,kurchi,ephedra,colchicum,
vasaca, pilocarpus, aconite, Solanum xanthocarpum. Biosynthesis of tropane, cinchona andopiumalkaloids.
Different electronic transitions. Auxochromes & their effects, auxochromic, bathochromic &hypsochromic shifts [red & blue shifts]. Beer-Lambert law, its derivation, deviations in Beer’slaw.Single&doublebeamspectrophotometerscoveringsourcesofradiations,differentmonochromators, detectors such as barrier cell, photocell, photomultiplier tube. Photodiodearray detector.
Principle&instrumentationwithemphasisonworking&importanceofdifferent components.Temperature,flameabsorption&emissionprofiles.
InfraredregioninEMspectrum.Theprinciple,differentstretching&bendingvibrations.Components [& their working] of a dispersive instrument. Fourier transform [FT] technique, FTinstruments&theircomparisonwithdispersiveinstruments.
Principle.Low&high-resolutioninstruments.Components&importanceofeachinbrief.Different types of mass spectrometric techniques.
Principles,Tyndalleffect.Duboscqturbidimeter. Eeel’snephelometer.Applications.
Anintroductiontohighperformance TLC [HPTLC], comparison of TLC & HPTLC. A brief introduction to high pressure /performanceliquidchromatography [HPLC].